Valence evaluation of metal oxides by chemical shift
XPS: X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
In XPS analysis, the binding state evaluation of the material surface is conducted by observing the energy of photoelectrons obtained through X-ray irradiation. It allows for the assessment of whether metal elements are in an oxidized state, and for elements with significant energy shifts (chemical shifts) due to oxidation, it also enables the evaluation of the presence and proportion of multiple valences. Below are the main metal elements and oxides for which multiple valence evaluations are possible.
basic information
For detailed data, please refer to the catalog.
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Applications/Examples of results
Analysis using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.